carbon compound [part 1]
SPM Chemistry Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds
- Organic compounds – carbon containing compounds with covalent bonds.
- Inorganic compounds – non-living things and usually do not contain carbon but few carbon containing inorganic compounds such as CO2, CaCO3 and KCN.
- Hydrocarbons – organic compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atom only.
- Non-hydrocarbons – organic compounds that contain other elements (oxygen, nitrogen, iodine, phosphorus)
- Saturated hydrocarbons – only single bonded (Carbon-Carbon) hydrocarbons.
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons – at least one double / triple bonded (Carbon-Carbon) hydrocarbons.
- Complete combustion – organic compounds burn completely which form CO2 and H2O.
Example: C2H5OH (l) + O2 (g) –> 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l) - Incomplete combustion – organic compounds burn with limited supply of O2 which form C (soot), CO, CO2 and H2O.
Homologous Series
Homologous series – organic compounds with similar formulae and properties. It have the physical properties that change gradually as the number of carbon atoms in a molecule increases.
Carbon Compounds | General Formula | Functional group | |
Alkane | CnH2n+2 | n = 1, 2, 3, … | Carbon-carbon single bond - C – C - |
Alkene | CnH2n | n = 2, 3, 4, … | Carbon-carbon double bond - C = C - |
Alkynes | CnHn | n = 2, 3, 4, … | Carbon-carbon triple bond - C = C - |
Arenes | CnH2n-6 | n = 6, 7, 8, … | - C = C - delocalised / free to move around the ring |
Alcohol | CnH2n+1OH | n = 1, 2, 3, … | Hydroxyl group - OH |
Carboxylic Acids | CnH2n+1COOH | n = 0, 1, 2 | Carboxyl group - COOH |
Esters | CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 | n = 0, 1, 2, … m = 1, 2, 3, … | Carboxylate group - COO - |
Sources of Hydrocarbon:
1. Coal – from the lush vegetation that grew in warm shallow coastal swamps or dead plants slowly become rock. Mainly contains of hydrocarbon and some sulphur and nitrogen. It is used to produce: fertiliser, nylon, explosives and plastics.
2. Natural gas – from plants and animals and trapped between the layers of impervious rocks (on top of petroleum). Mainly contains of methane gas and other gas such as propane and butane. It is used for: cooking, vehicle and generate electrical power.
3. Petroleum – from plants and animals and trapped between the layers of impervious rocks. It is a complex mixture of alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons and sulphur compound. These compounds can be separated by using fractional distillation.
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- 35°C – 75°C – Petrol (gasoline)
- 75°C – 170°C – Naphtha
- 170°C – 230°C – Kerosene
- 230°C – 250°C – Diesel
- 250°C – 300°C – Lubricating oil
- 300°C – 350°C – Fuel oil
- > 350°C – Bitumen
..........got it from http://berryberryeasy.com/........
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