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SPM Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds (Part 9 – Final) Polymers 1. Polymer – many small units ( monomers ) joining together to formed large molecule. 2. Polymer can be classified into two groups: synthetic polymers / man-made polymers (polythene; PVC – polyvinyl chloride; artificial silk; and polypropene) natural polymers (natural rubber; starch; cellulose; and proteins) 3. Natural polymer: Carbohydrates (polysaccharides) (starch, glycogen and cellulose) General formula: C x (H 2 O) y with the ratio of H:O = 2:1 Carbohydrates have cyclic structure. Monomer: glucose (C 6 H 12 H 6 ) Reaction to form polymer: condensation reaction (- H 2 O) 4. Natural polymer: Protein (polypeptide) Protein consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (some have sulphur, phosphorus and other elements) Monomer: amino acids Amino acids have two functional group which are carboxyl group (-COOH) and amino group (-NH 2 ) Reaction to form polymer: condensation reaction (- H...

SPM Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds (Part 8 ) Non-Hydrocarbon – Fats 1. Fatrs are non-hydrocarbons which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms . 2. Fats (lipids / triglycerides) are belonging to the group in ester . 3. Natural esters are formed from glycerol and fatty acids . Name of fat Molecular formula of ester Types of fatty acids Lauric acid* CH 3 (CH 2 ) 10 COOH Saturated Palmitic acid* CH 3 (CH 2 ) 14 COOH Saturated Stearic acid* CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COOH Saturated Oleic oxide ** CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 COOH Unsaturated Linoleic acid*** CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 CH=CHCH 2 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 COOH Unsaturated Linolenic acid*** CH 3 CH 2 CH=CHCH 2 CH=CHCH 2 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 COOH Unsaturated * Saturated: C-C single bonds ** Unsaturated (monounsaturated): C=C double bonds *** Unsaturated (polyunsaturated): C=C double bonds 4. Animal fats have higher percentage of saturated fatty acids than unsaturated fatty acids. 5. Plant o...

SPM Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds (Part 7) Non-Hydrocarbon – Esters 1. General formula: C n H 2n+1 COOC m H 2m+1 Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 … and m = 1, 2, 3 … (n and m = number of carbon) R COO R ‘ where R and R ‘ represented the same or different alkyl groups. 2. Esters are non-hydrocarbons which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. 3. The functional group in ester is carboxylate group, – COO -. C n H 2n+1 COOH + C m H 2m+1 OH –> C n H 2n+1 COO C m H 2m+1 + H 2 O First part: taken from the alcohol (alkyl group) Second part: taken from the carboxylic acid (-oic to -oate) Name of ester Molecular formula of ester Prepared from Ethyl methan oate HCOOC 2 H 5 Ethanol + Methanoic acid Methyl ethan oate CH 3 COOCH 3 Methanol + Ethanoic acid Propyl ethan oate CH 3 COOC 3 H 7 Propanol + Ethanoic acid Ethyl propan oate C 2 H 5 COOC 2 H 5 Ethanol + Propanoic acid 4. Physical properties of ester Name Odour 3-metylbutyl aceta...

PM Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds Non-Hydrocarbon – Carboxylic Acids 1. General formula: C n H 2n+1 COOH Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 … (n = number of carbon) 2. Carboxylic acids are non-hydrocarbons which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. 3. The functional group in alcohols is carboxyl group, – COOH. Name of carboxylic acids Molecular formula of alcohol Methan oic acid (Formic acid) HCOOH Ethan oic acid (Acetic acid) CH 3 COOH Propan oic acid C 2 H 5 COOH Butan oic acid C 3 H 7 COH 4. Physical properties of carboxylic acid Name Molecularformula Boiling point (°C) Methan oic acid (Formic acid) HCOOH 101 Ethan oic acid (Acetic acid) CH 3 COOH 118 Propan oic acid C 2 H 5 COOH 141 Butan oic acid C 3 H 7 COH 164 Solubility in water – generally in carboxylic acid (the less than four carbon atoms) are very soluble in water and ionise partially to form weak . Density of carboxylic acid – density of carboxyl...

SPM Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds (Part 5) Non-Hydrocarbon – Alcohol 1. General formula: C n H 2n-1 OH Where n = 1, 2, 3 … (n = number of carbon) 2. Alcohols are non-hydrocarbons which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. 3. The functional group in alcohols is hydroxyl group, – OH. Name of alcohol Molecular formula of alcohol Methan ol CH 3 OH Ethan ol C 2 H 3 OH Propan ol / Propan-1- ol C 3 H 5 OH Butan ol / Butan-1- ol C 4 H 7 OH Pentan ol / Pentan-1- ol C 5 H 9 OH Hexan ol / Hexan-1- ol C 6 H 11 OH Heptan ol / Heptan-1- ol C 7 H 13 OH Octan ol / Octan-1- ol C 8 H 15 OH Nonan ol / Nonan-1- ol C 9 H 17 OH Decan ol / Decan-1- ol C 10 H 19 OH 4. Physical properties of alcohol Name Molecular formula Melting point (°C) Boiling point (°C) Physical state at 25°C Methan ol CH 3 OH -97 65 Liquid Ethan ol C 2 H 3 OH -117 78 Liquid Propan ol C 3 H 5 OH -127 97 Liqui...

SPM Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds 1. Comparing (Similarities and Differences) Properties of Alkanes and Alkenes Physical Properties Alkanes Alkenes Physical state Physical state changes from gas to liquid when going down the series. Same with alkanes. Electrical conductivity. Do not conduct electricity at any state. Same with alkanes. Boiling points and melting points Low boiling points and melting points (number of carbon atoms per molecule increases). Same with alkanes. Density Low densities (number of carbon atom per molecule increases). Same with alkanes. Solubility in water Insoluble in water (soluble in organic solvent) Same with alkanes. Chemical Properties Alkanes (Substitution reaction) Alkenes (Addition reaction) Reactivity Unreactive Reactive Combustion Burn in air and produce yellow sooty flame. Burn in air and produce yellow and sootier flame compare to alkanes. Reaction with bromine solution ...

SPM Chemistry Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds (Part 3) Family of Hydrocarbon – Alkene 1. General formula: C n H 2n Where n = 2, 3, 4 … (n = number of carbon) 2. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain one or more carbon-carbon (C = C) double bonds in molecules. 3. The functional group in alkenes is carbon-carbon double (C = C) bond. Name of alkene Molecular formula of alkene Eth ene C 2 H 4 Prop ene C 3 H 6 But ene C 4 H 8 Pent ene C 5 H 10 Hex ene C 6 H 12 Hept ene C 7 H 14 Oct ene C 8 H 16 Non ene C 9 H 18 Dec ene C 10 H 20 Molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each type of elements present in a molecule of the compound. Example: molecular formula of butene is C 4 H 2x 4 = C 4 H 8 4. Physical properties of alkenes Name Molecularformula RMM Density(g cm -3 ) Physical state at 25°C Eth ene C 2 H 4 28 0.0011 Gas Prop ene C 3 H 6 42 0.0018...

SPM Chemistry Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds (Part 2) A) IUPAC ( International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ) – is used to name organic compound. Organic compound is divided into three portions which is Prefix + Root + Suffix . Prefix – name of the branch or side chain. General formula: C n H 2n+1 –Where n = 1, 2, 3, … (n = number of carbon) Formula Branch or name of group CH 3 - methyl C 2 H 5 - ethyl C 3 H 7 - propyl C 4 H 9 - butyl C 5 H 11 - pentyl Alkyl group signifies that it is not part of the main chain. Two or more types of branches are present, name them in alphabetical order. Number of side chain Prefix 2 Di- 3 Tri- 4 Tetra- 5 Penta- 6 Hexa- More than one side chains are present, prefixes are used. Root – the parent hydrocarbon (denotes the longest carbon chain). Number of carbon atoms Root name 1 meth- 2 eth- 3 prop- 4 but- 5 pent- 6 ...

SPM Chemistry Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds Organic compounds – carbon containing compounds with covalent bonds. Inorganic compounds – non-living things and usually do not contain carbon but few carbon containing inorganic compounds such as CO 2 , CaCO 3 and KCN. Hydrocarbons – organic compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atom only. Non-hydrocarbons – organic compounds that contain other elements (oxygen, nitrogen, iodine, phosphorus) Saturated hydrocarbons – only single bonded (Carbon-Carbon) hydrocarbons. Unsaturated hydrocarbons – at least one double / triple bonded (Carbon-Carbon) hydrocarbons. Complete combustion – organic compounds burn completely which form CO 2 and H 2 O. Example: C 2 H 5 OH (l) + O 2 (g) –> 2CO 2 (g) + 3H 2 O (l) Incomplete combustion – organic compounds burn with limited supply of O 2 which form C (soot), CO, CO 2 and H 2 O. Homologous Series Homologous series – organic compounds with similar formul...

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Understanding Work, Energy, Power and Efficiency Physics form Work 1. Work is defined as the product of the applied force and the displacement of an object in the direction of the applied force. 2 . W = F x S 3. W= work done, F = force applied, S = displacement in the direction of force. 4. SI unit for work = Joule (J), other unit = Nm 5. Work is not done when: a. The object is stationary a.k.a not moving b. No force is appliedn the object in the direction of displacement. c. The direction of motion of the object is perpendicular to that of the applied force. 6. When work is done to an object, energy is transferred to the object. Energy (Energy is the capacity to do work) 1. Energy exists in different forms: kinetic energy , gravitational potential energy , elastic potential energy , sound energy , heat energy , light energy , electrical energy and chemical energy. 2. The unit for energy is Joule (J) – same as work 3. The work...

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