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trying the best for my trial spm...n i got it 9A's from 11....congratulate to myself.... even i get the clue b4 exam...hehee... this include in my effort...huhu repair my bad addmath n bio also physic n i am chemist fan!!! haHHAHA...all emotion.. along 2 days at home...i just: sleeping + watching + eating thank god the internet in problem.... just now...the network is okey of course...i am happy with it addmath still not finish...same with chemist..bio too... oh yes..physic ahhh...no stress ok!!!! is my english ok??? sorry if there is any mistakes.... i got amir's....???huhu juz wait n see luv the network(",)

seronok gler rye taun nih... best gilerrr arhhhh!!!! nk tw x sbb ap???? taun ni rye meriah coz abg ngn akk ak sume rye kat uma... da 2 taun abg ak yg kat mesir tu x rye sesme ngn kitorg... akk ak yg kat jordan tu pon sme.... cume yg xde abg ipar ak je.. dye kne kje tym rye....sdey an!!! yg blk cume akak ngn ank dye... tu pon dah meriah sgt da... ak nk letak gmba tp xmsuk pc ag.... nnt da msuk ak letak laa... ok...setakat nih....daaaaaaaaaa~~

kat sini...aja nk mintak maaf atas segala salah dan silap.... kita berdoa la semoga ramadan yang berlalu ini bukanlah ramadan lita yang terakhir..... ...............selamat hari raya maaf zahir dan batin...................... (",)

SPM Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds (Part 9 – Final) Polymers 1. Polymer – many small units ( monomers ) joining together to formed large molecule. 2. Polymer can be classified into two groups: synthetic polymers / man-made polymers (polythene; PVC – polyvinyl chloride; artificial silk; and polypropene) natural polymers (natural rubber; starch; cellulose; and proteins) 3. Natural polymer: Carbohydrates (polysaccharides) (starch, glycogen and cellulose) General formula: C x (H 2 O) y with the ratio of H:O = 2:1 Carbohydrates have cyclic structure. Monomer: glucose (C 6 H 12 H 6 ) Reaction to form polymer: condensation reaction (- H 2 O) 4. Natural polymer: Protein (polypeptide) Protein consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (some have sulphur, phosphorus and other elements) Monomer: amino acids Amino acids have two functional group which are carboxyl group (-COOH) and amino group (-NH 2 ) Reaction to form polymer: condensation reaction (- H...

SPM Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds (Part 8 ) Non-Hydrocarbon – Fats 1. Fatrs are non-hydrocarbons which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms . 2. Fats (lipids / triglycerides) are belonging to the group in ester . 3. Natural esters are formed from glycerol and fatty acids . Name of fat Molecular formula of ester Types of fatty acids Lauric acid* CH 3 (CH 2 ) 10 COOH Saturated Palmitic acid* CH 3 (CH 2 ) 14 COOH Saturated Stearic acid* CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COOH Saturated Oleic oxide ** CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 COOH Unsaturated Linoleic acid*** CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 CH=CHCH 2 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 COOH Unsaturated Linolenic acid*** CH 3 CH 2 CH=CHCH 2 CH=CHCH 2 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 COOH Unsaturated * Saturated: C-C single bonds ** Unsaturated (monounsaturated): C=C double bonds *** Unsaturated (polyunsaturated): C=C double bonds 4. Animal fats have higher percentage of saturated fatty acids than unsaturated fatty acids. 5. Plant o...

SPM Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds (Part 7) Non-Hydrocarbon – Esters 1. General formula: C n H 2n+1 COOC m H 2m+1 Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 … and m = 1, 2, 3 … (n and m = number of carbon) R COO R ‘ where R and R ‘ represented the same or different alkyl groups. 2. Esters are non-hydrocarbons which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. 3. The functional group in ester is carboxylate group, – COO -. C n H 2n+1 COOH + C m H 2m+1 OH –> C n H 2n+1 COO C m H 2m+1 + H 2 O First part: taken from the alcohol (alkyl group) Second part: taken from the carboxylic acid (-oic to -oate) Name of ester Molecular formula of ester Prepared from Ethyl methan oate HCOOC 2 H 5 Ethanol + Methanoic acid Methyl ethan oate CH 3 COOCH 3 Methanol + Ethanoic acid Propyl ethan oate CH 3 COOC 3 H 7 Propanol + Ethanoic acid Ethyl propan oate C 2 H 5 COOC 2 H 5 Ethanol + Propanoic acid 4. Physical properties of ester Name Odour 3-metylbutyl aceta...

PM Form 5 – Terminology and Concepts: Carbon Compounds Non-Hydrocarbon – Carboxylic Acids 1. General formula: C n H 2n+1 COOH Where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 … (n = number of carbon) 2. Carboxylic acids are non-hydrocarbons which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. 3. The functional group in alcohols is carboxyl group, – COOH. Name of carboxylic acids Molecular formula of alcohol Methan oic acid (Formic acid) HCOOH Ethan oic acid (Acetic acid) CH 3 COOH Propan oic acid C 2 H 5 COOH Butan oic acid C 3 H 7 COH 4. Physical properties of carboxylic acid Name Molecularformula Boiling point (°C) Methan oic acid (Formic acid) HCOOH 101 Ethan oic acid (Acetic acid) CH 3 COOH 118 Propan oic acid C 2 H 5 COOH 141 Butan oic acid C 3 H 7 COH 164 Solubility in water – generally in carboxylic acid (the less than four carbon atoms) are very soluble in water and ionise partially to form weak . Density of carboxylic acid – density of carboxyl...